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3

AKST: Generation, Access, Adaptation, Adoption andEffectiveness

Coordinating Lead Authors:
Yalemtsehay Mekonnen (Ethiopia), Idah Sithole-Niang (Zimbabwe), Felix Fiadjoe (Ghana)

Lead Authors:
Roshan Abdallah (Tanzania), Agnes Abera-Kalibata (Rwanda), Francis Gichuki (Kenya), Marnus Gouse (South Africa), Harry Palmier (France), Wahida Patwa Shah (Kenya), Stacey J. Young (USA)

Contributing Authors:
Apophia Atukunda (Uganda), Mohamed Bakarr (Kenya), David Knopp (USA)

Review Editors:
Moctar Toure (Senegal)

Key Messages

3.1 Human Context 51
  3.1.1 Human health and nutrition 51
  3.1.2 Gender dynamics in AKST 52
  3.1.3 Education, training and extension 53
3.2 Key Actors and Institutional Arrangements 53
  3.2.1 Investment and economic returns 54
  3.2.2 National, regional and international actors 54
    3.2.2.1 National actors and initiatives 54
    3.2.2.2 Regional actors and initiatives 54
    3.2.2.3 International actors and initiatives 55
3.3 Technology Generation and Infrastructure 56
  3.3.1 Technology generation 56
    3.3.1.1 Local and traditional knowledge and innovation 56
    3.3.1.2 Biotechnology 57
  3.3.2 Infrastructure 57
    3.3.2.1 Transportation 57
    3.3.2.2 Water and energy 58
    3.3.2.3 Storage and processing 59
    3.3.2.4 Information and communication technology 59
3.4 Natural Resource Management and Environment 61
  3.4.1 Land and water management 61
    3.4.1.1 Land and soil degradation 62
    3.4.1.2 Climate change 62
    3.4.1.3 Agroforestry systems 63
    3.4.1.4 Tree domestication 64
    3.4.1.5 Improved and adaptive crop cultivars 65
  3.4.2 Water management 65
    3.4.2.1 Linking water, AKST and development and sustainability goals 65
    3.4.2.2 Protecting water resources and related ecosystems 65
    3.4.2.3 Improving water supply through effective capture of water flows and use of marginal water resources 66
    3.4.2.4 Fair sharing and benefits from water use 66
  3.4.3 Biodiversity 66
    3.4.3.1 Agrobiodiversity 67
    3.4.3.2 Tree diversity 67
    3.4.3.3 Livestock 67
  3.4.4 Biosafety 68
    3.4.4.1 Regional biotechnology and biosafety initiatives 69
    3.4.4.2 Regulatory and legislative framework 69
3.5 Trade, Markets and Globalization 70
  3.5.1 Local trade and markets 70
  3.5.2 Regional trade and markets 70
  3.5.3 Global trade policy, market infrastructure, links and market barriers 71
    3.5.3.1 Trade policy and global market dynamics 71
    3.5.3.2 Market infrastructure, links and barriers 72
    3.5.3.3 International standards for agricultural production 74
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