Options for action
and climate change, 214-18, 215b
environmental sustainability via ecologi-
cal management, 226—46, 230b, 232b,
233b, 234b, 236b, 237t, 245f
environment and governance system poli-
cies, 258-64, 260b, 260t
food quality and safety, 223-26, 224b,
225b
global strategy for a low carbon economy,
218-21,220t
human capital, organization and institu-
tion development, 246-58, 249b, 253b,
257b
investments in R&D for agriculture, 264—
67, 266t, 267b
new and emerging diseases, 209, 216—18
overview, 209-12, 214
paradigm shift to meet development and
sustainability goals, 212-14
Organic agriculture, 47-48, 236, 236b
Organic and locally-produced goods, 8, 15—16,
67, 68t
Organizations
dis/integration of, 194-95
institutional and organizational arrange-
ments, 252-58, 253b, 257b
lessons learned, 118—20
overview, 178, 179-80
private AKST organizations, 194
See also Institutions
Other wooded land (OWL), 54
Output/outputs
advances in AKST and, 94-95, 96f
market structure, inputs and, 34-37, 35f,
35t, 36f, 36t
and productivity trends of CAP, 49, 53,
108, 108 f
in Russia, 25, 26t
OWL (other wooded land), 54
Ozone-sensitive trees, 90
P
Paradigms in NAE AKST
as barriers to integration, 129
and CAMBIA, 261
choices based on, 152, 201
and development and sustainability goals,
119-20,212-14
impact of, in developing countries, 123-24
policies, demand and, 195
for research and action, 212—13
in science, 141, 200, 262
and shift into privatization, 196-97
in societal context, 118, 122-26, 125b
Pareto optimality, 223b
Partial equilibrium (PE) models, 155
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA),
165
PBRs (plant breeders rights), 42, 144, 195
PEFC (Program of Endorsement of Forest Certi-
fication), 263-64
PE (partial equilibrium) models, 155
Pervasive sensors for real-time surveillance, 170
Pesticide poisonings, 6
Pesticide usage
consumers' aversion to, 15

corporate control of production, 15
in cropping systems, 44-46, 46f
in Eastern Europe, 152
environmental consequences of, 84
plant breeding vs., 41^2
regulation in Europe and US, 142-43
as substitute for knowledge, 40
and US farm policy, 31
Pest management, 218, 235-36
Pests, new and emerging, 217—18
PGRFA (International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture), 5,
175, 195-96, 261-62
Phosphorus (P), 43^4, 88
PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property Resource
for Agriculture), 261n
Plant breeders rights (PBRs), 42, 144, 195
Plants
hybrid seeds and plants, 34, 40^1, 42,
123, 144, 195
International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
(PGRFA), 5, 175, 195-96, 261-62
new and emerging diseases, 217-18
seeds and genetics, 40^13, 42f
See also Seed industry
Platform model of knowledge production,
165, 166
Policies
developing a framework, 258-59
of environment and governance system,
258-64, 260b, 260t
fair trade, 68-69, 68t, 69t, 210, 221-22
interdisciplinary, 250
market driven, 144
options for improving, 211-12
trade, markets, and agricultural, 221-23,
222b, 223b
See also Agricultural policies; Economic
policies; Public policies
Policy environment and governance systems
redesign, 258-64, 260b, 260t
Political development, 10-12, 164-65
Post-harvest and consumption systems, 61—70,
62f, 62t, 63tt, 64f, 64t, 65t, 67t, 68tt,
69tt, 70tt
Post-World War II/1945
agricultural policies, 15, 23, 30-34
agricultural workers, 26—27, 27f
agrifood systems, 14—16
conditions in Soviet Union, 24—25, 38
food security achievements, 117
increase in productivity, 21
social, political and economic development,
11-12
Potassium (K), 43^4
Poverty
in European Union, 29
and food insecurity, 5-6, 7f, 81, 104
goals and methods for reducing, 6-7, 7f, 211
Grameen Bank vs., 195
hunger and food insecurity eradication goal,
5-6
in post-WWII United States, 11-12
See also Wealth and asset inequity
Precision agriculture, 40, 160, 169, 178, 186,
210, 236

Precision application of fertilizers and pesticides,
230, 235
Price supports, 30, 31—33, 93. See also Subsidies
Principal-agent model for agricultural research
incentives, 140^1
Private labels, 62, 63, 63t, 153-54
Private sector role in AKST development, 9,
153-54, 194, 213-14. See also Transna-
tional and multinational corporations
Privatization
of agricultural land, 25, 34
future of, 197,213
and influence of beneficiaries, 138—139, 197
of research and development, 119, 120—21,
134-35, 140-41, 194, 196-97, 198
Processing/marketing enterprises, 179
PROCINORTE cooperative program, 258
Production
and AKST advances, 92-93, 93f, 94f,
98-99, 98f, 99f, 117
AKST and production changes, 98-99, 98f,
99f
biofuels as diversion from food production,
10, 13,219
biomass, for biofuels, 47, 158b
CEE agriculture and food production
changes, 29, 38, 67, 68
Cooperative Wheat Production Program,
123-24
ethical dimensions of food production, 22
forestry production and market structure,
56
knowledge production models and trends,
165-66
See also Livestock production
Production and productivity paradigm, 2
Production contracts, 36—37
Productivity analysis, 123n
Program of Endorsement of Forest Certification
(PEFC), 263-64
Property questions, complexity of, 260b
Proprietary regimes, 195-96, 212, 260-61,
260b, 260t
Public control of agrifood systems, 141^14
Public funding
of AKST organizations, 194
competitive grants and short-term contracts,
117, 119, 139-41
of R&D, 117, 123, 132-34, 133f, 136t,
137-38, 265
of science and technology, 153
Public goods
and agricultural R&D, 264-65
food security, 194, 222b, 243, 254, 266,
266t
hybrid, 141, 260
Public institutions, 42, 43, 53, 160, 198, 252-
53, 261. See also entries beginning with
"United Nations"
Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agri-
culture (PIPRA), 261n
Public policies
and agrifood systems, 16
biofuels, biomass and policy changes, 22
bipolar farm policy in Canada, 31
changes in goals, 144-45
and Great Depression in US, 30—31