Seeds of Development Program (SODP), 86 Seed systems, 20, 206-207 Serageldin, Ismail, 85 Sewerage use/risks, 171, 1 71, 451 Sheep/goats: prices, 320, 320; production, 316-317,318,319 Shifting agriculture: deforestation, 283; for­est use, 37; population pressure, 177, 1 77; sustainable alternatives, 380, 384-385, 401. See also Slash-and-burn agriculture Shrimp farming, 517, 518, 520 Shull, George, 89 SLAM model: applications, 310, 31 1, 313, 367; description, 311, 366-367, 368; history, 366; structure/data, 366—367; uncertainty, 367, 368 Slash-and-burn agriculture: alternatives to, 178, 178, 380; forests and soils, 22; population pressure and, 177, 177; research findings, 216. See also Shifting agriculture Small-scale farms: access/market gap, 9; defini­tion, 8; ecological agricultural systems, 385—386; ecosystem services improve­ment, 386; environmental damage, 10; globalization effects, 7, 8, 59; ICT access effects, 309; innovations impact, 379-380; malnutrition reduction, 407^08; market dynamics and vulnerability, 8; mixed crop-livestock systems, 386, 391; Modern Variet­ies, 158, 158; multifunctional agriculture and, 386; plant health, 473; policies and, 217, 217, 442; post-harvest loss reduction, 385; productivity, 9, 379-380, 384-386, 386; regional distribution, 8, 9; soil fertility management knowledge, 158158; sustain-ability, 380, 384-385 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), 364 Social capital, 269 Social welfare, 108-109 Sociopolitical drivers: collaboration (regional/ global), 269-270; conflict, 269, 270; in ex­isting assessments, 270; political instability worldwide, 270; political system changes, 268-269, 268; public policy choices, 268-269, 268; social capital, 269; social factors overview, 269; state capacity for policy implementation, 269; types, 268 Soil: environmental services, 446; importance of, 39; resilience, 39^10; well-structured soil, 174-175 Soil amendments, 402 Soil conservation: climate change adaptation, 419^120; indigenous technologies, 67 Soil degradation: causes, 153, 280-281; de­scription, 10, 11, 39; Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation (GLA-SOD), 24, 40; monocultures and, 21; nitrate sources/effects, 40; nutrient depletion, 152, 152, 153; statistics, 39 Soil erosion: climate change, 416; costs, 518; description, 10; effects, 35; no-till agri­culture and, 400; water erosion, 24; wind erosion, 24 Soil fertility: management knowledge, 158; NPK deficits, 174; productivity-enhancing technologies effects, 153; restoring, 174 Soil management: biological nitrogen fixation

(BNF), 170, 1 70, 175, 1 75, 180, 400; fal­low system, 168-169, 168; fertile lands, 400^02; food security and, 408; Ghana/ Benin example, 483; importance, 279-281; integrated soil and nutrient management (ISNM), 174-175; loss reductions, 401; low fertility lands, 402; mycorrhizas, 176, 176; nitrogen fertility, 170, 170; organic manures, 400; organic matter, 175, 1 75, 400; policies and, 446; P-solubilizing bacte­ria use, 400^101; sediment loss reduction, 401; soil amendments, 402; soil productiv­ity and, 169, 169; soil water conservation/ storage, 402 Soil quality: no-till agriculture effects, 175, 175; plant types for improving, 176, 1 76 Soil solarization, 389 Solidaridad, 86 South African Agricultural Research Council, 82 South East Asian Regional Initiatives for Com­munity Empowerment (SEARICE), 82 Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), 262, 263, 263, 264, 265, 270 Spill-ins, 522, 523-524, 524 Spill-outs, 522, 524 Spillover effects, 522-524, 524 Stakeholders' impacts: AKST impact assess­ment, 211-222, 211-222; aquaculture, 212, 212; employment conditions, 213, 213; farmer organizations impacts, 212, 212; food safety, 213, 213; food standards, 213, 213; inclusion, 117-119; involvement impacts, 211-212, 212; linkage with actors, 224; marketing, 212, 212; organic agricul­ture, 213, 213; promotion of, 17, 59, 211; seasonality effects, 212—213, 212; tropical products, 212, 212; water use/access, 212, 212. See also Participatory approaches Staphylococcus aureus, 112, 113 State trading enterprises (STEs), 459^160 State variables, 46, 47 Steiner, Rudolf, 114n Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) of trade agreements, 466 Structural adjustment policies: controversy, 220, 220; effects, 215, 215, 218-219, 218, 220, 220; monocultures, 220, 220; poor farmers and, 215, 215 Sui generis protection/systems, 89, 90, 91, 219, 219, 393 Sun pest, 164 Sustainability: agroforestry, 397; AKST goals, 299-301; AKST impact assessment, 172-193, 1 72-193; alternatives to shifting agriculture, 380, 384-385, 401; aquaculture policies, 309, 399; assessment difficulties, 30; bioenergy, 422-425; crop production/ AKST impact enhancement, 379-391; definitions/description, 30, 107, 194, 194; extension programs, 209, 209; factors over­view, 2; fisheries policies, 308-309, 355, 398-399; future of agriculture/AKST assess­ment, 355; groundwater resources and, 170, 170, 407, 422, 450; IAASTD goals, 13, 14-16, 26-46; indigenous knowledge (IK), 204—205, 204, 273; innovations approach,

206, 206; institutions importance, 206, 206; integrated systems, 172, 1 72; investment in AKST options, 541; irrigation and, 449-450, 451; livestock production and, 391; natural resources and, 35, 36, 37, 147, 150, 150, 222, 308, 355; options/environment, 538, 540; pastoralism, 176, 1 76; small-scale farms, 380, 384-385; society-nature interactions, 207, 207; synergies, 147; water productivity and, 404; water resources management, 402^07, 403, 404, 405, 407, 422, 450; watershed management, 181-182, 181; World Bank assessments, 30; World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002), 49. See also specific practices Sustainability indicators: IAASTD, 46-51, 48; interpretation, 47-48; issues addressed by, 48. See also Indicators Sustainable Land Management (SLM), 42 Swidden agriculture. See Shifting agriculture Syngenta, 94 Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, 45, 203
T
Technography, 483 Technology: access, 411, 526, 526, 534; adop­tion factors, 207, 207, 411; "best fit" technology, 73—74; efficiency trends, 271; innovation processes and, 72-75; relation­ship with science, 12-13; risks/costs, 74-75; spillover effects, 522-524, 524; techno­logical opportunity, 505. See also AKST; Science/technology drivers; specific tech­nologies; Transfer of technology Technology supply-push: description, 73, 481; Green Revolution and, 481; megacity slums and, 74; social problems with, 73, 74; switch to demand-pull approach, 79 Territorial governance, 220-222, 220, 221, 222 Territorial policies, 217, 217 Territory scale, 220 Terroirs, 60, 98 Third-Generation Agriculture (TGA), 224, 443 TIMER model: applications, 313, 316; descrip­tion, 357, 358; energy and, 313, 357, 358 ToT. See Transfer of technology Total Factor Productivity (TFP), 152, 152 Total fertility1950-2050, 6 Trade at Hand, 69 Trade in agricultural products: changes with globalization, 108; commodity price effects, 453^154, 455; commodity price trends, 453^54, 454, 458, 458, 459; developing countries export share, 457; export oriented agriculture, 68, 442; food trade (model­ing outcomes), 320, 320; policies/market constraints effects, 331-332, 332, 333, 334—337; subsidies of developed countries, 453, 456; trends, 298, 299. See also Glo­balization; Trade/market policy options for developing countries Trade in water: tradable water rights, 450; vir­tual water/food trade, 451 Trade liberalization: biofuels, 464; developing countries and, 442, 452^53, 454, 455, 455, 456, 457, 462; disparities in effects, 8,