Biosafety: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 89, 168, 218, 218, 473; plant protection, 473 Biotechnology: adoption trends, 272; in Brazil, 79; breeding options/plants, 392-395; ethics and, 273; genetic structure of populations, 165; health implications, 11 7; nanotechnol-ogy, 415, 467; overview, 12; plant MAB/ MAS, 165; traditional crop breeding and, 166, 166. See also AKST impact assessment/ biotechnology; specific technologies BirdLife International, 87 Block grants, 531 Blue Revolution, 155 "Blue" water, 39, 170 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 34, 111, 112,214 Bovine tuberculosis, 34 Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock Research Company (Embrapa), 78, 79, 85 Breeding: climate change adaptation, 417-418; drought tolerance, 161, 161, 165—166; mar­ginal environments, 161, 161; for quality, 164-165, 164, 165 Breeding options/livestock: AKST impact en­hancement, 395; genomics, 395; techniques/ effects, 159-160, 159; transgenic livestock potential, 395 Breeding options/plants: AKST impact enhance­ment, 391-395; biotechnology, 392-395; conventional breeding, 392-395; in devel­oping countries, 392; epigenetic modifica­tion of traits, 394; genetically modified/ organisms (GM/GMOs), 392-394; genetic diversity preservation, 392; genomics, 393; heat tolerance, 417, 418; malnutrition re­duction, 407-408; RNA-based techniques, 394-395; salt tolerance, 417^18; underuti­lized ("lost") crops, 418 Brokered long-term contractual arrangements (BLCA), 482, 482 Brucellosis, 15, 34 Brundtland Commission, 30
C
Caloric availability: AKST effects, 146, 148, 340; food consumption patterns and, 276, 278; livestock products, 276, 278; modeling outcomes, 320, 322, 323; undernourish­ment, 32, 32, 146 Capacity development, 19 CAPSiM model: applications, 310, 311, 314, 364; description, 311, 363-364, 365; his­tory, 363; structure/data, 363—364; uncer­tainty, 364, 365 Carbon cycle modeling, 360 Carbon dioxide: crop responses to elevated levels, 189, 189. See also Climate change Carbon sequestration: agriculture, 2, 21, 24, 41, 48, 189, 189, 190, 190, 518; agrofor-estry, 181, 181, 190, 190; biodiversity and, 40; grazing lands, 190, 190; no-till agricul­ture, 190, 190; as PES, 462; policies, 445, 446; soil-based sequestration, 190, 190 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 89, 168, 218, 218,473 Cassava mealy-bug, 102 Cassava mosaic disease, 164, 164

CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cellulosic biofuels, 379, 423, 424 Centers of Diversity concept, 89 Cereal: availability, 316, 317, 31 7, 318, 319; prices, 333 Cereal production: AKST effects, 146, 333, 339; China, 321; climate change effects, 287, 287; cultivars resistant to insect pests, 164, 164; Green Revolution, 20, 21, 154, 155; growth sources, 295, 297, 319; irriga­tion, 151; potential, 158, 158; productivity comparison by farming system, 9; trade poli­cies and, 333; trends, 7, 20-21, 146,148-149, 148,149,150,158, 158,295, 296, 297 Cereal production/modeling projections: de­mand by uses/regions, 317,318; per capita availability, 31 7 Cereal trade: AKST effects, 339; modeling outcomes, 320, 320; projections, 320; trade policies and, 333 Certification approaches, 461 Certified organic agriculture (CAO): for devel­oping countries, 460^61. See also Organic agriculture CGE models: applications, 310, 312, 313; strengths, 312. See also GEN-CGE model; GTEM model CGIAR: budget, 96; "Challenge Programs," 84, 522; creation/evolution, 83-84, 88; criticism of, 83; current debates, 84; HarvestPlus Challenge Program, 522; investment ROR, 516-517; IPM, 103; limitations, 90; MA and, 71; public-private partnerships, 97; role/functions, 83, 504; Systemwide Pro­gram on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, 45, 203 Chain-linked model: description, 68, 69; "new consumer economies" and, 68 Chemical contamination: food safety, 112, 1 13, 198; off-farm reduction options, 410^11; on-farm reduction options, 410; phytore-mediation, 410. See also Fertilizers; Heavy metal contamination; Herbicides; Insecti­cides; Pesticides, synthetic Cheminova, 105 Chernobyl nuclear fallout, 111 Child labor: education and, 44; poverty per­petuation, 44; risks, 35; statistics, 35 China: economic growth predictions, 314; food availability/supply, 310; food demand, 310; food prices, 310; food security, 310; pov­erty/hunger reduction, 322 China (modeling outcomes): cereal production, 321; comparative advantage, 321; crop production, 321; imports, 321—322; popula­tion by income group, 322 China's Agricultural Policy Simulation and Projection Model. See CAPSiM model Civil society organization (CSOs), 82 Climate change: agricultural yields, 286—287, 287; agriculture effects from, 3, 24-25, 41, 257, 286-287, 287, 300, 309, 327, 329; ag­riculture impacts on, 25, 41, 287-288, 289, 445; agroforestry and, 181, 181; biodiver­sity and, 40, 329; crop-pest relations, 190, 191, 191; crop yield change modeling, 329;

deforestation effects, 37, 191, 191, 327; diseases and, 191, 191, 347, 541; driving forces of, 284; extreme events, 287, 416, 417; fisheries and, 421; gas emission projec­tions, 284-285, 285, 288, 327, 327, 328, 329; invasive alien species, 40; IPCC, 189, 284, 286, 316, 327, 330; livestock effects from, 191, 191; livestock greenhouse gas emissions, 153, 160, 160, 421, 448, 518; LULUCF activities, 191, 191; modeling out­comes, 327, 327, 330, 416; overview, 284; pests/management, 190, 191, 541; plant health, 473^74; precipitation changes, 285—286; projected surface temperatures, 286, 328; projections, 284-286, 285, 286, 288, 328; regional variations, 416; saliniza-tion, 417-418; soil erosion, 416; temperate vs. tropical regions, 286—287; water avail­ability, 324, 341, 421; water runoff, 41, 42. See also Carbon sequestration; IMAGE model (2.4) Climate change adaptation: agrobiodiversity, 416^17, 418, 419; biochar production/ use, 420; crop breeding for, 417—418; crop diversification strategies, 416—417, 418, 419; fisheries, 421; forecasting, 417, 418; on-farm options, 418-422; for rainfed agri­culture, 418-419, 421^22; soil conserving strategies, 419^120; varietal diversifica­tion, 419; warnings, 417; water resources, 421^22 Climate change mitigation: agriculture and, 41, 287-288, 289, 330-331, 378,383, 420-421, 445,497, 542-543; by forests, 22, 37, 287-288, 327; gas emission reduction, 189, 189, 287-288, 289, 291, 330-331,331, 378,420-421, 445^46, 497, 542-543; PES schemes, 463; policies, 309, 330-331,331,443, 445-446. See also Carbon sequestration Cloning, 158-159, 158, 159 Coal use, 326, 327 Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 84, 100, 103, 104 Codes of Conduct, 86 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 113, 114, 115, 116, 182, 213, 442, 467, 474 Coenberg, 89 Collaborations, regional/global: examples, 270; as sociopolitical drivers, 269-270 Collectivization, 79 Commodity boards, 532 Common Code for the Coffee Industry, 86 Communication. See Information and commu­nication technologies (ICT) Communist states command and control, 65 Competitive funding, 531-532, 533 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), 269, 508 Computable general equilibrium models. See CGE models Conservation: ecoagriculture, 187, 187; ex situ conservation/collection, 92, 93, 93, 187, 187, 392, 447; habitat preservation, 399^107; habitat restoration, 399; in situ conservation/management, 41, 92, 93, 96, 187, 187, 392, 447; tropical rain forest/ef­fects, 220, 220