Erosion, 33, 54
Ethanol, 29, 107
Eucalyptus globulus, 33
European Union (EU), 76–77, 95, 103
Extension services, 37–38, 41t, 166
Extraction costs, 99

F
Factory farming, 102
Fair trade concerns, 100–101
Fallow systems, 33
Farmer Field Schools, 94
Farmers Information and Technology Service
(FITS), 177
Farmers’ rights, 47, 64, 66, 85–88, 91–92, 186
Farming systems, 7–8
Feed stocks, 6, 172
Feminization of agriculture, 10–11, 54–55,
55t, 180
Fertility rates, 10, 116, 132
Fertilizers, 25, 25f, 28–29, 52, 54, 134, 170
Fires, 40, 164, 168
Fisheries. See also Aquaculture
advances in, 171
capture fisheries, 34
climate change and, 143, 143t
dead zones and, 52
decline of, 8
human health and, 134
mangroves and, 31
overview of, 5, 33–34
sustainability and, 163, 169–70
trade and, 97–99
traditional knowledge and, 40t
FITS. See Farmers Information and
Technology Service
Flood irrigation, 21
Flooding, 4, 8–9, 99, 143, 163
Food additives, 81
Food production, 63–64, 65
Food security
agroforestry and, 33
bioenergy, land use and, 146–47, 164
climate change and, 144–45
economic drivers and, 123–26, 125t
Green Revolution and, 46–47
trade and, 63, 69–70
trends in as driver, 114
water resources and, 125–26, 141–42
as widespread problem, 19
Foot-and-mouth disease, 53, 75, 102
Forest Guards, 42b
Forest resources. See also Agroforestry;
Deforestation; Plantation
forestry
avoided deforestation and, 106–7
biofuels and, 107
communal and social forestry and, 33
emerging challenges in, 162, 163–64
food security and, 146
management of, 30–31, 42b, 140
nontimber forest products and, 31–32
overview of, 4–5
trade and, 92, 99–100
traditional knowledge and, 39–40, 40t, 168
wood processing technology and, 32

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification,
67
Fragmentation, 140
Free trade agreements, 66, 67, 90–91, 104
FSC certification. SeeForest Stewardship
Council certification
Furrow irrigation, 21

G
Ganges Water Treaty, 129
Gasohol, 146
GATT, 73, 76, 81
GCAIR. See Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research
Gender Assessment Report, 180
Gender roles. See also Feminization of
agriculture
AKST improvements and, 19
education and, 11–12, 132
emerging challenges in, 166
employment and, 55
forestry and, 100
land and resource ownership and, 56
microfinance groups and, 181–82
need for changes in, 160
overview of, 54–55, 55t, 180, 181t
poverty and, 13
rural-urban divide and, 68
sex ratio trends and, 10
trade policy and, 63
trends in as driver, 117–18, 118t
wage differentials and, 180–81
Genetic diversity, 6, 39, 53, 102, 134
Genetic resources sharing, 88
Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), 91,
172, 173
Genetically Improved Fish Tilapia (GIFT),
98
Genetically modified organisms (GMO). See
also Biotechnology
aquaculture and, 98
Australian wheat production and, 28
Biosafety protocol and, 103–4
Bt crops, 25, 48, 68, 86
dispute resolution and, 103
effects of, 47–48
intellectual property rights and, 83, 85,
86, 87
overview of, 19, 95–96, 172–75
pest and disease resistance and, 25, 27,
139
soybeans and, 71b
SPS agreement and, 74
sustainability and, 179–80
trade and, 64, 91–92, 103
trends in as driver, 126
Geographic information systems (GIS), 176–77
Germplasm, 88, 97
GIFT. See Genetically Improved Fish Tilapia
GIS. See Geographic information systems
Global warming, 142. See also Climate change
Globalization
economic drivers and, 122–23
regulatory framework and, 68–69
rural poor and, 70
small-scale producers and, 100–101

trade and, 65, 150
trends in as driver, 113, 114, 126
Golden rice, 87–88
Governance, 72, 163, 165–66
Grain Growers Association, 38
Grameen Bank, 56, 177
Grazing, 30, 102
Greater Mekong Sub-region, 129
Green Revolution
impact of in India, 46b
irrigation and, 20, 21
modern variety introduction and, 170–71
overview of, 23–24, 46–47
pesticides and, 92–94
population growth and, 116
trade and, 68
Green water management, 23
Greenhouse gases, livestock and, 54
Gross domestic product (GDP), 14–15, 14t, 20,
119, 120b, 121t, 126
Groundwater, 8, 19, 21, 49, 52, 145,
175–76
Growing season, overview of, 4
GURT. See Genetic use restriction technology

H
H5N1 virus, 6, 9, 13, 54, 165–66
Habitat loss, 53
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
(HACCP), 74–75
Hazardous waste movement, 65
Health (animal), 75. See also Diseases
Health (ecosystem), 134–35
Health (human). See also Diseases
biofuels and, 147
CAHP and, 73
fisheries and, 134
nanotechnology and, 174–75
overview of, 13, 49–51
pesticides and, 25
SPS standards and, 74
trade agreements and, 64
transgenic crops and, 172–73
trends in as driver, 133–34
Herbicide tolerance, 47–48, 95, 172
Herbicides, 47, 48t, 139, 172
Highways, 128–29
HIV/AIDS, 13, 99, 165, 168
Household Production Responsibility
System, 94
Huay Mahk village, 178
Human welfare, overview of, 2, 12–13
Hunger. See Nutritional status
Hybrid rice, 24
Hydrometeorological disasters, 8–9

I
ICRAF. See World Agroforestry Centre
IFPRI. See International Food Policy
Research Institute
IIRR. See International Institute of Rural
Reconstruction
ILO. See International Labor Organization
Impact assessment, 115, 115t
Import duties, 71–72
Incentives, extension services and, 37