Sectors

Adaptation Measures

AKST Challenges

Agriculture cropping

Choice of crop and cultivar: Use of more heat/drought tolerant crop varieties in areas under water stress Use of more disease and pest tolerant crop varieties Use of salt-tolerant crop varieties Introduce higher yielding, earlier maturing crop varieties in cold regions Farm management Altered application of nutrients/fertilizer Altered application of insecticides/pesticides Change planting date to effectively use the prolonged growing season and irrigation Develop adaptive management strategy at farm level

•    Identification of appropriate gene
•    Lack of resources for the development of varieties
•    Time-lag between development; field trial, acceptability of farmers and onset of climate change
•    Onset of new pests and diseases
•    Needs extensive research on nutrients and fertilizer requirements of new crop varieties
•    Changing planting date could have effect on yield
•    Resources and technology require at grass roots level

Livestock production

Breeding livestock for greater tolerance and productivity Increase stocks of forages for unfavorable time periods Improve pasture and grazing management including improved grasslands and pastures Improve management of stocking rates and rotation of pastures Increase the quantity of forages used to graze animals Plant native grassland species Increase plant coverage per hectare Provide local specific support in supplementary feed and veterinary service

•    Breeding less climate sensitive livestock will be a formidable challenge
•    Less climate sensitive grass and pasture varieties need to be developed
•    Many native grassland species are not nutritious for animals
•    Need resources, advanced technology for feed and veterinary service

Fishery

Breeding fish tolerant to high water temperature Improved fisheries management capabilities to tackle climate change

•    Cross breeding with fishes from arid region is a possibility but its effects on local varieties will be unknown for long period
•    Technology and resources will be major obstacle

Development of agricultural bio­technologies

Development and distribution of more drought, disease, pest and salt-tolerant crop varieties Develop improved processing and conservation technologies in livestock production Improve crossbreeds of high productivity animals

•    Will emerge as technological challenge for poor countries
•    Faster technological transfer is required
•    A new nexus between technology owners may emerge to take advantage of climate change

Improvement of agricultural infrastructure

Improve pasture water supply Improve irrigation systems and their efficiency Improve use/store of rain and snow water Improve information exchange system on new technologies at national as well as regional and international level Improve sea defense and flood management Improve access of herders, fishers and farmers to timely weather forecasts

•    Improved water store, supply and irrigation need new technologies and replacement of the old
•    Dissemination of information on technology requires to build institutional capacity and educating farmers
•    Improved sea defense and flood management have potentials but they have certain limits