eases can be integrated with environmental data to forecast where and when epidemics are likely to arise. Combined with effective response, these early warning systems can re­duce morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. Ad­ditional research, improved coordination across actors at all scales, and better understanding of effective implementa­tion processes are needed [CWANA Chapter 5; Global 5, 6, 7, 8; LAC Chapters 2, 3; NAE Chapter 4; SSA Chapter 3]. Information and communication technologies are creat­ing opportunities for faster and more effective communica­tion of disease threats and responses [Global Chapter 6]. Integrated vector and pest management are effective in con­trolling many infectious diseases, including environmental modification, such as filling and draining small water bodies,

environmental manipulation, such as alternative wetting and drying of rice fields, and reducing contacts between vectors and humans, such as using cattle in some regions to divert malaria mosquitoes from people [Global Chapters 6, 7, 8; NAE Chapter 4]. Because the relationships between agriculture and infectious disease are not always straight­forward, greater understanding is needed of the ecosystem and socioeconomic consequences of changes in agricultural systems and practices, and how these factors interact to alter the risk of emerging diseases.
     Ways forward require human health to be seen by all ac­tors as an explicit goal to be tackled by AKST. This requires integration and mainstreaming of public health throughout agricultural policies and systems.