practices, along with the necessary infrastructure to ensure compliance, including sanitary and phytosanitary surveil­lance programs for animal and human health, laboratory analysis and research capabilities (such as skilled manpower and staff for research), and need-based and on-going train­ing and auditing programs  [CWANA Chapter 5; ESAP Chapter 3; Global Chapters 6, 7, 8; LAC Chapters 2, 3; NAE Chapters 2, 4; SSA Chapter 2].
     Agrochemical   exposure    is    of   increasing   concern [CWANA Chapter 5; ESAP Chapters 2, 3; 5; Global Chap­ters 3, 5, 6, 7, 8; LAC Chapters 1, 2, 3; NAE Chapters 2, 4; SSA Chapters 2, 3]. Use of agrochemicals is growing faster in developing than developed countries. Environmental and food safety impacts from agrochemicals, both positive and negative are determined by the conditions of use. Although there is no global mechanism to track pesticide-related ill­nesses, estimates of the number of possible cases and health costs are high, particularly in many developing countries without health insurance and universal health care.
     Appropriate use of AKST can help prevent adverse health impacts along the food chain [CWANA Chapter 5; ESAP Chapter 3; Global Chapters 6, 7, 8; LAC Chapter 1; NAE Chapter 2; SSA Chapters 2, 3]. Place-based and participatory  deployment  of current  (such  as  precision agriculture and bioremediation) and development of new technologies (such as biosensors) can reduce the risks asso­ciated with agrochemicals. Supply chain management pres­ents a particular challenge in many less developed countries (LDCs), where the supply chain is characterized by limited coordination  between  farmers,  traders,  and  consumers, poor infrastructure, and insufficient cold storage systems. Other challenges include harmonization of national and in­ternational regulations establishing upper levels of intake of nutrients and other substances, implementation of interna­tional treaties and recommendations, and improvement of food safety without creating barriers for poor producers and consumers. Implementation of these options requires major public and private research and development investments.

Occupational health. Agriculture is traditionally an under-regulated sector in many countries and enforcement of any safety regulations is often difficult due to the dispersed na­ture of agricultural activity and lack of awareness of the ex­tent of the hazards by those concerned. Few countries have any mechanism for compensation of occupational ill health. Current treaties and legislative frameworks, for example for agrichemicals, are not working. Improving occupational health in agriculture requires a greater emphasis on pre­vention and health protection, tackled through integrated multi-sectoral policies which must include effective national health and safety legislation (including child labor laws), and AKST which explicitly minimises health risks of agricultural workers. For example, health risks associated with pesticide use could be reduced through investment in pesticide reduc­tion programs which could include incentives for alternative production methods (such as organic), investment in viable alternatives such as integrated pest management, and harm minimisation including withdrawal of generic compounds of high toxicity, and effective implementation of national and international regulations to stop cross-border dumping of hazardous and banned products [Global Chapters 1, 2,

3, 6, 7, 8; NAE Chapter 2]. AKST is essential to develop and deploy safer machinery and equipment, and improved knowledge transfer is required to improve use of existing and new technologies and techniques, including safe use of machinery, and livestock handling.
     Occupational health will only be prioritized when the full extent of the problem becomes clear. This requires improved surveillance and notification systems on occupational acci­dents, injuries and diseases especially in LDCs. Agricultural and rural development policies should address the need for conducting occupational health risk assessments in the short term which make explicit the trade-offs between benefits to production, livelihoods, environmental and human health. These should include an assessment of all the external costs, including those on human health, as part of sustainable live­lihood and poverty reduction programmes. Implementation of more agroecological approaches may result in synergies where reduction of input costs can also lead to improved livelihoods and harm minimization [Global Chapters 2, 3].

Emerging infectious diseases. Most of the factors that con­tribute to disease emergence will continue, if not intensify, in the 21st century, with pathogens that infect more than one host species more likely to emerge than single-host species [Global Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8]. The increase in disease emer­gence will affect both developed and developing countries. Integrating policies and programs across the food chain can help reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Examples in­clude crop rotation, increasing crop diversity, and reduc­ing the density, transport, and exchange of farm animals across large geographic distances. Focusing on interventions at one point along the food chain may not provide the most efficient and effective control of infectious diseases. For zoonotic diseases, this requires strengthening coordination between veterinary and public health infrastructure and training. Identification of and effective response to emerg­ing infectious diseases requires enhancing epidemiologic and laboratory capacity, and providing training opportuni­ties [CWANA Chapter 5; Global Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8; NAE Chapter 4; SSA Chapter 3]. Additional funding is needed to improve current activities and to build capacity in many regions of the world.
     Detection, surveillance, and response programs are the primary methods for identifying and controlling emerging infectious diseases. Early detection, through surveillance at local, national, regional, and international levels, and rapid [and appropriate] intervention are needed [CWANA Chapter 5; Global Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8; NAE Chapter 4; SSA Chapter 3]. Effective public health systems and regulatory frameworks are needed to support these activities, as well as diagnostic tools, disease investigation laboratories and research centers, and safe and effective treatments and/or vaccines. Although AKST under development will advance control methods, there is limited capacity for implementa­tion in many low income countries. For animal diseases, traceability, animal identification, and labeling (with associ­ate educational initiatives) are needed. Recent advances in collection and availability of climate and ecosystems infor­mation can be used to develop forecasts of epidemics across spatial and temporal scales [Global Chapter 6]. Increasing understanding of the ecology of emerging infectious dis-