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AKST Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, Effectiveness and Impact | 97
Authors |
Countries |
Products/Levels |
Rates of Return* (%) |
| Pino (1991) | Ecuador |
Wheat Potato Maize Beans |
29 29 3 5 |
| Palomino & Echeverria (1991) | Ecuador |
Rice |
34 |
| Taxler (1992) | Mexico |
Wheat |
15-23 |
| Cruz & Ávila (1992) | Andean Region |
Aggregate |
245 |
| Vivas, Zuluaga & Castro (1992) | Colombia |
Sugarcane |
13 |
| Racines (1992) | Ecuador |
Palm oil Soy |
32 35 |
| Palomino & Norton (1992) | Ecuador |
Flint Maize |
54 |
| Byerlee (1994) | Latin America / Caribbean Mexico |
Wheat Wheat |
81 53 |
| Cap (1994) | Argentina |
Beef cattle Milk Maize Potato Wheat Other crops |
74 55 77 69 67 54-59 |
| Macagno (1994) | Argentina |
Maize Wheat Other crops |
47 32 34 |
| Pena (1994) | Argentina |
Potato |
53-61 |
| Romano, Bermeo & Torregrosa (1994) |
Colombia |
Sorghum |
70 |
| Byerlee (1995) | Latin America |
Wheat |
82 |
| Fonseca (1996) | Peru |
Potato |
26 |
| Ortiz (1996) | Peru |
Potato |
30 |
| Farfan (1999) | Colombia |
Coffee |
21-31 |
| Manzano (1999) | Ecuador |
Rice |
58 |
| Amores (1999) | Ecuador |
Cacao |
31 |
*Internal rates of return, except in the cases indicated with (**) which are estimates of the marginal internal rates of return.
Source: Adapted from Días Ávila et al., 2006.
growth rates declined. By contrast, growth rates increased
in the Southern Cone countries, influenced mainly by increases
in the productivity of the land both for crops and
for livestock. Moreover, the restrictions imposed on public budgets for AKST in the last few decades have come precisely at a time when LAC’s producers have faced growing pressure to improve their productivity in order to compete at the international level in the context of free trade policies—those stemming from unilateral reforms implemented by the countries of the region, as well as those resulting from multilateral trade negotiations in GATT and the WTO, those corresponding to the different sub-regional integration initiatives (CARICOM, CAN, MERCOSUR, NAFTA), and a growing number of bilateral agreements signed by some countries, especially Mexico and Chile. It is also important to emphasize that the decline in public |
with new demands, associated with sustainable rural development,
that have traditionally been assigned a low priority
in the agendas of the region’s institutions. The most important of these demands are: (1) conservation of natural resources and the environment; (2) conservation and sustainable use of genetic and biodiversity resources; (c) the development of human resources and social capital as strategic assets for competitiveness and progress; (3) the empowerment of civil society; (4) proper attention to aspects related to gender and ethnicity; (5) the incorporation of new leading-edge technologies that require substantive changes in institutional structure and organization, such as biotechnology, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, telecommunications, and computer science; (6) emerging new topics or issues that may have significant impacts on production and on future food demand, e.g., biofuels; and (7) new demands linked to such issues as product differentiation and value added. |
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