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Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology: Investment and Economic Returns | 519
Table 8-1 4. Relative size of environmental impacts of high-external input farming systems in absence of monetized or otherwise quantified assessments
|
Individual farmer and/or household |
Local community |
Downstream community |
Global Data availability society for economic quantification" |
|
Agricultureb |
Biodiversity loss, off and on-farm species and plant genetic resources |
"" |
|
|
----- Some |
|
Erosion and soil quality |
—- |
- |
—- |
----- Many |
|
Run-off of agro-chemicals (eutrophization) |
0 |
- |
|
Many |
|
Pesticides and impact on non-target species |
- |
— |
— |
Many |
|
Water table loss |
- |
- |
|
Few |
|
Fossil Fuel Use: Non-renewable and climate change impact |
— (financial cost) |
0 |
0 |
----- Some |
|
Genetic improvement |
|
0 |
0 |
++ Many |
|
Carbon sequestration |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+++++ Some |
|
Land saving |
+++++ |
++ |
0 |
++++ Many |
Livestock |
Biodiversity loss, off- and on-farm species and animal genetic resources |
"" |
|
■ |
----- Few |
|
Water contamination (surface and underground) and eutrophization |
|
|
|
Some |
|
Fossil Fuel Use |
- |
0 |
0 |
Some |
|
Land use and deforestation for animal nutrition |
0 |
0 |
- |
----- Many |
|
GHG emissions |
0 |
0 |
0 |
----- Some |
|
Genetic improvement |
++++++ |
0 |
0 |
++ Some |
Aquaculture |
Fisheries decline (due to fishmeal production and capture of wild gravid females and/or post larvae seeds) |
|
|
0 |
Few |
|
Destruction of coast forest (e.g., mangrove for shrimp production) |
|
|
|
----- Some |
|
Erosion and release of CO2 into atmosphere |
— |
— |
— |
----- Few |
|
Fossil Fuel Use |
- |
0 |
0 |
Few |
|
Soil and water salinization |
—- |
------ |
----- |
Few |
|
Runoff of agro-chemicals |
0 |
- |
— |
Few |
|
Biodiversity loss (due to diseases, hybridization and competition with wild fish) |
■ |
|
|
----- Few |
Note: + = positive impact. - = negative impact. Degree of impact: + minimal; ++ moderate; +++ high; ++++ very high, and +++++ very high likelihood of some irreversibility.
aEconomic valuation refers both to monetary and other methods of valuation tools.
bAgriculture impacts include the livestock and aquaculture impact derived from the crops required for the animal and fish nutrition industry (e.g., 33% of world feedcrop land is dedicated to animal nutrition, thus, it is a livestock impact added to agriculture).
Source: Authors' elaboration.
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