| Coordinating Lead Authors |
|
|
8.2.4.6 Rates of return to agricultural R&D investments in sub- |
| Nienke Beintema (The Netherlands), Ahmet Ali Koc (Turkey) |
|
|
Saharan Africa 517 |
| |
|
8.2.5 |
Environmental impacts of AKST investments 517 |
| Lead Authors |
|
|
8.2.5.1 Agriculture 518 |
| Ponniah Anandajayasekeram (Australia), Aida Isinika (Tanzania), |
|
|
8.2.5.2 Livestock 518 |
| Frances Kimmins (UK), Workneh Negatu (Ethiopia), Diane Osgood |
|
|
8.2.5.3 Forestry 520 |
| (Switzerland/USA), Carl Pray (USA), Marta Rivera-Ferre (Spain), V. |
|
|
8.2.5.4 Aquaculture 520 |
| Santhakumar (India), Hermann Waibel (Germany) |
|
|
8.2.5.5 Traditional and local knowledge 520 |
| |
|
8.2.6 |
Health impacts of agricultural R&D investments 520 |
| Contributing Authors |
|
8.2.7 |
Spillover effects 522 |
| Jock Anderson (Australia), Steven Dehmer (USA), Veronica Gottret |
|
8.2.8 |
Impacts of public sector agricultural R&D investments on |
| (Bolivia), Paul Heisey (USA), Philip Pardey (Australia) |
|
|
poverty 524 |
| |
|
8.3 |
Governance of AKST Investments: Towards a Conceptual |
| Review Editors |
|
|
Framework 527 |
| Harriet Friedman (USA) and Osamu Ito (Japan) |
|
8.3.1 |
Demand for improved governance 527 |
| |
|
8.3.2 |
Defining and judging governance in relation to the AKST |
| |
|
|
investments 527 |
| |
|
8.3.3 |
Analyzing the experience of governing AKST investments 529 |
| Key Messages |
|
|
8.3.3.1 Public funding/public sector research 529 |
| 8.1 |
Spending and Funding Trends in AKST 497 |
|
|
8.3.3.2 International donors 531 |
| 8.1.1 |
Trends in agricultural R&D spending 497 |
|
|
8.3.3.3 Competitive funding 531 |
| |
8.1.1.1 Public sector spending 497 |
|
|
8.3.3.4 Commodity boards and growers'associations 532 |
| |
8.1.1.2 Private sector spending 500 |
|
|
8.3.3.5 Private research 532 |
| |
8.1.1.3 Intensity of research 502 |
|
8.3.4 |
AKST governance and changes in the larger institutional |
| |
8.1.1.4 International agricultural R&D 504 |
|
|
environment 533 |
| 8.1.2 |
Determinants of public and private R&D investments 505 |
|
8.3.5 |
The future roles of governance and institutional structure 534 |
| |
8.1.2.1 Determinants of public research 505 |
|
8.4 |
Investment Options 535 |
| |
8.1.2.2 Determinants of private research 506 |
|
8.4.1 |
Criteria and methods for guiding AKST investments 535 |
| 8.1.3 |
Investments in other AKST components 507 |
|
8.4.2 |
Investment options 536 |
| 8.1.4 |
Funding agricultural R&D in the developing world 507 |
|
|
8.4.2.1 Options for societies aiming to give major support to |
| 8.2 |
Impacts of AKST Investments 509 |
|
|
environmental sustainability 538 |
| 8.2.1 |
Conceptual framework 509 |
|
|
8.4.2.2 Options for societies aiming to give major support to |
| 8.2.2 |
Economic impact assessment 509 |
|
|
improving nutrition and human health 540 |
| 8.2.3 |
Methodological limitations of impact measurements 510 |
|
|
8.4.2.3 Options for societies aiming to give major support to the |
| 8.2.4 |
Empirical evidence 511 |
|
|
hunger and poverty reduction 540 |
| |
8.2.4.1 Rate of returns to national AKST investments 511 |
|
|
8.4.2.4 Options for societies aiming to give major support to |
| |
8.2.4.2 Rates of return to crop genetic improvement |
|
|
economically sustainable development 541 |
| |
investments 511 |
|
|
8.4.2.5 A portfolio of AKST investments to meet multiple |
| |
8.2.4.3 Economic impacts of research and extension |
|
|
goals 541 |
| |
investments 511 |
|
8.4.3 |
Future AKST investment levels and priorities 542 |
| |
8.2.4.4 Agricultural research and education investments and |
|
|
8.4.3.1 Levels of AKST investments 542 |
| |
agricultural growth 514 |
|
|
8.4.3.2 Allocation of AKST resources 542 |
| |
8.2.4.5 Rates of return to CGIAR investments 516 |
|
|
|