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Index | 183
Research and development agricultural, 23–25 cereal production and, 60 extension services and, 25, 142–43, 143f, 146b human capacity enhancement and, 72–73 increased productivity and, 74–76, 75t integration of, 142–43, 143f, 146b intellectual property rights and, 71, 103–4 investment in, 57–60, 57t, 58t, 71, 86, 103 need for, 103–4 pasture management and, 102–3 public organizations for, 107–8 public-private partnerships for, 108, 112–13 technology transfer and, 25, 66–67 Research intensity, 58–59, 59t Reservoirs, 55–56, 70–71 Residues, health and, 150 Right-to-information laws, 109 Rinderpest, 53 Risk management policies climate change and, 90–91 drought and, 53–54, 55–56 environmental policies and, 56–57 food security and, 133–34 government intervention and, 54–55 main risks and, 52–53 need for policy adaptations and, 121, 148 overview of, 29, 52 reduction of income variation and, 53–54 social safety nets and, 86 Rural communities, 9t, 12, 29 S Sadd-el-Kafara, 37 Safety nets, social, 86 Sahel and Sahara Observatory, 56 Salinization Aral Sea and, 10b avoidance of, 138 causes, 39–40 Egypt and, 34 irrigation and, 6, 39, 41, 124 loss of arable land resources and, 28–29 trends in as driver, 89 water supplies and, 41 Sand encroachment, 138–39 Sand storms, 7 Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards, 51t, 87, 100 Sanitation, 11, 24, 51t, 100. See also Wastewater treatment Saudi Arabia, 10 Savings, 8–10 Scenarios, overview of, 84–85 Sediment, dams and, 55–56 Seed banks, 88, 139. See also Gene banks Seed improvement programs, 33 Self-sufficiency ratio, 12 Semiarid zones, 5, 5t Sewage. See Wastewater treatment Sharecropping, 53 Sludge, 40–41 Social capacity, 122. See also Capacity development Social equity, 22 Social processes |
climate change and, 110 as driver, 86 market and trade and, 110 policy development and, 110–11 price-formation policies and, 102 technology and, 111–12 Social safety nets, 86 Social sustainability, 122 Soils. See also Erosion agroforestry and, 129t carbon sequestration and, 41–42, 42t, 43t climate change and, 20 crop production methods and, 122–23 degradation of as key issue, 20 overview of, 6–7 rational management of, 136–39 research in management of, 103 science, technology and, 23 water quality and, 39–40, 40t South Eastern Anatolian Project (GAP), 15 South-to-South programs, 141 Spate irrigation, 39 SPS. See Sanitary and phytosanitary standards Stakeholder integration, 142–43 State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources, 47–48 Stern, Nicholas, 90 Strengthen the Scientific Basis of In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity on the Farm, 47 Subhumid zones, 5, 5t Subsidies, 33, 102 Subsistence crops, 110 Sud swamps, 5 Sudan, 13, 24 Sugar beets, 31 Sugar cane, 31 Sunn pest, 53 Sunrise agriculture, 85 Sunset agriculture, 85 Sustainability agricultural land use and, 18 agrochemicals and, 148–49 biodiversity and, 139t economic, 122 environmental, 121–22 health and, 121 human resource development and, 91 need for policy research and, 115 poverty, livelihoods and, 121 productivity increases and, 119, 121–22 social, 122 social processes and, 110 Syr-Darya, 41 Syria, 10, 16–17, 20, 44, 124f T T&V approach. See Travel and visit extension approach Tabia, 71 Tajik Agrarian University, 58t Tariffs, 37, 48, 49t, 86–87 TAYEK program. See Agricultural Research, Extension and Training Coordination program Technology transfer adoption and, 92, 113, 114, 142 |
capacity development and, 72–73 capacity enhancement and, 72–75 effectiveness of, 75–76 extension systems and, 25, 66–67 gender roles and, 77, 111–12 research and development and, 25, 66–74 social processes and, 111–12 traditional knowledge and, 66–72 Terraces, 71 Threat assessments, 29 Trade. See also Exports; Imports; Liberalization arrangements in, 99–100 food safety and, 100–101 intellectual property rights and, 104 issues in, 101 market trends and, 60–63, 61f, 62t negotiations and, 100 policy development and, 49–52, 51t, 121, 147–48 pricing policies and, 101–2 regional links and, 49t, 50, 51t, 99–100 social processes and, 110 trends in as driver, 84, 86–87 uncertainty and, 152–54 virtual water and, 136 Trade negotiations, 50, 51t, 87, 100 Trade policies, 49–52, 51t, 121, 147–48 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, 46 Traditional (local) knowledge biodiversity and, 140 overview of, 21–22, 29, 67–69 plants and, 69–70, 92–93 rangelands and, 125–26 technology transfer and, 67–69 trends in, 84 water resources and, 70–72 Traditional farming systems, 14 Traditional Knowledge World Bank, 70 Transgenics. See Genetically modified organisms Transhumant people, 14 Transnational agreements, 90 Transparency, governance and, 108–9 Travel and visit (T&V) extension approach, 66–67 TRIPS agreement. See Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights agreement Tunisia, 12, 24, 71 Turkey biodiversity protection in, 45–47 community organizations in, 50, 52 cropping patterns in, 33–34 edible wild plant consumption in, 44 land reform and, 20 travel and visit extension approach in, 66–67 TYUAP. See Agricultural Extension and Applied Research Project U UNCED. See United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Uncertainties, 152–54 Underground economy, 11 Unemployment rates, 11, 12. See also Employment UNEP, 47 Unions, 52 |
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