Sociocultural issues, 40–42
Soil: degradation, 2, 4, 65; management,
17–18; “marginally sustainable” land,
110; moisture stress, 2, 4; salinization, 18;
variability, 104; water retention, 110
Soil erosion: losses, 65; siltation effects, 4
Soil fertility: agroforestry and, 119; deficiencies,
4, 50, 62, 110; degradation effects, 2,
4; improving, 18, 62, 64; integrated
management, 111; livestock production, 27;
macronutrient depletion rates, 6f; slash and
burn agriculture, 17; technology, 63. See
also Fertilizers, synthetic
Sorghum, 23
Southern African Development Community
(SADC), 53, 55, 69, 70, 107
SRI (System of Rice Intensification), 22, 23
“Stacked gene” biotechnology, 57
Storage: infrastructure inadequacies, 59. See
also Postharvest management
Striga (hermonthica), 23, 24, 26, 105
Sub-Saharan Africa: countries/regions list, 8t;
key messages, 2
Subsistence farming: description, 8; extension
programs/services and, 103; prevalence, 22
Succulent Karoo, 4
Supermarket chains, 74
System of Rice Intensification (SRI), 22, 23
T
T&V (training and visit) systems, 53
Technology: adoption factors, 41–42; animal
genetic resources conservation, 28–29;
animal genetic resources management,
28–29; baskets of technology choices,
98, 102; colonial infrastructure, 56;
distribution, 56; diversified production
and, 101; gender issues, 41–42, 50, 52–53,
101; improvement options, 101; “on the
shelf,” 101; participatory approach, 102;
pastoralism needs, 30; traditional/local
knowledge, 56–57
Technology transfer, 101, 110
“Teminator” technology, 21
Theileriosis, 32, 33
Ticks and diseases, 27, 33
Tourism: agroecosystems, 82, 93; wildlife, 112,
118
Tractors use, 17
Trade: capacity development, 106; changes/
trends in, 70; export statistics, 51;
globalization, 71–75, 107; improving, |
|
105–107; industrial countries subsidies/
protection, 71, 72, 75; infrastructure
improvement, 106–107; local trade/markets,
70; market-driven agriculture effects, 54;
market infrastructure, 72–73, 75; potential,
71; regional trade/markets, 70–71, 107;
regional trading areas, 70; standards/
certification, 72, 74; strategy to stimulate,
72; supermarket chains, 74; transportation
infrastructure, 57–58; value-chain links, 73.
See also Markets
Trade agreements, 70, 71
Trade liberalization, 71, 72, 75, 107
Traditional/local knowledge: animal genetic
resources, 28–29; innovation rights
protection, 56–57; land management, 18;
patents and, 56–57; pest management,
24–25, 26; postharvest storage, 15, 24;
processing food, 26–27; technology,
56–57; veterinary medicine, 33, 34; water
management, 18
“Tragedy of the commons,” 121
Training and visit (T&V) systems, 53
Transportation infrastructure: agricultural trade
and, 57–58; description/statistics, 57–58
Tree crop-based farming system, 8
Trees: diversity, 67; domestication, 64;
germplasm in SSA, 67. See also
Agroforestry; Forests
Trypanosomiasis, 15, 27, 32, 33–34
Tsetse flies, 33–34
Tubers production, 90, 92t
U
Urbanization: description, 2; men and, 2, 41;
percentage by continents, 83t; processing
food and, 26
V
Value addition, 26
Value chain development, 99, 101, 105–106
Veterinary medicine, 33, 34, 68
Vodafone, 60
W
WARDA (West Africa Rice Development
Authority), 20, 23, 55
WASNET (West Africa Seed Network), 21
Water harvesting, 66, 112–113
Water hyacinth, 38
Water management: fair sharing, 66;
improving, 66, 112–113; infrastructure, 58; |
|
integrated water resources management,
19; “internalizing the externalities,” 113;
livestock and, 66; mismanagement, 65, 66;
National Water Act (South Africa 1998),
114, 115b; overview, 65–66; storage, 66;
traditional/local knowledge, 18. See also
Irrigation
Water pollution, 25, 110
Water resources: agriculture use, 4, 65; for
agriculture vs. ecosystem services, 114;
AKST/sustainable use, 65, 66; AKST/
unsustainable use, 65; climate change, 2,
5, 65, 83; distribution, 65, 66; incentives
for sustainable use, 114; overview, 4;
protecting, 65; rivers, 4; siltation effects, 4;
water stress statistics, 2
Water scarcity: conflicts, 113; in future, 113,
114; as limiting factor, 18–19, 50; statistics,
2, 65
Weather insurance, 115
Weeds: biological control, 26; parasitic weeds,
23, 24, 26
West Africa Rice Development Authority
(WARDA), 20, 23, 55
Western Indian Ocean islands, 4
Wildlife: agropastoral systems, 30; conflicts
with people, 117–118; conservation,
98, 117–118; damage from, 117–118;
hunting, 118; livestock diseases and, 32–34;
management, 117–118; meat from, 31;
over-harvesting, 83; pastoralism, 29–30,
112; tourism, 112, 118
Women’s issues: access to assets, 41–42, 52–53,
73, 107; AKST supply and, 98, 107–108,
109; biomass fuel collection, 39–40,
120; contribution to family livelihoods,
108t; decision making, 2, 9; education,
10, 42, 107, 108; enhancing agriculture
contributions, 107–108; extension
programs/services, 42, 52–53, 98, 107,
108; health improvement, 122; HIV/AIDS,
9, 50, 51–52; ICT, 52; land quality, 17,
52, 108; land rights/access, 17, 51, 52,
73, 108, 115; marginalization, 17, 50,
52–53, 56; overview, 9; poverty reduction
and, 10; production, 2, 9, 17, 51–52, 107;
technology access/adoption, 41–42, 50,
52–53, 101; work burden/farm household
roles, 9, 40–42, 41b, 52, 52–53. See also
Gender issues
World Conservation Union (IUCN), 61
World Energy Outlook, 86 |