intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs
for human and animal labor.
Infrastructure The facilities, structures, and associated equip-
ment and services that facilitate the flows of goods and
services between individuals, firms, and governments. It
includes public utilities (electric power, telecommunica-
tions, water supply, sanitation and sewerage, and waste
disposal); public works (irrigation systems, schools, hous-
ing, and hospitals); transport services (roads, railways,
ports, waterways, and airports); and R&D facilities.
Innovation The use of a new idea, social process or institu-
tional arrangement, material, or technology to change an
activity, development, good, or service or the way goods
and services are produced, distributed, or disposed of.
Innovation System Institutions, enterprises, and individuals
that together demand and supply information and tech-
nology, and the rules and mechanisms by which these
different agents interact.
In recent development discourse agricultural innova-
tion is conceptualized as part and parcel of social and
ecological  organization,   drawing  on  disciplinary  evi-
dence and understanding of how knowledge is generated
and innovations occur.
In-situ Conservation The conservation of ecosystems and
natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of vi-
able populations of species in their natural habitats and
surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or culti-
vated species, in the surroundings where they have de-
veloped their distinctive properties and were managed by
local groups of farmers, fishers or foresters.
Institutions The rules, norms and procedures that guide how
people within societies live, work, and interact with each
other. Formal institutions are written or codified rules,
norms and procedures. Examples of formal institutions
are the Constitution, the judiciary laws, the organized
market, and property rights. Informal institutions are
rules governed by social and behavioral norms of the so-
ciety, family, or community.  Cf. Organization.
Integrated Approaches Approaches that search for the best
use of the functional relations among living organisms
in relation to the environment without excluding the
use of external inputs. Integrated approaches aim at the
achievement  of multiple  goals  (productivity  increase,
environmental sustainability and social welfare) using a
variety of methods.
Integrated Assessment A method of analysis that combines
results and models from the physical, biological, eco-
nomic, and social sciences, and the interactions between
these components in a consistent framework to evaluate
the status and the consequences of environmental change
and the policy responses to it.
Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) An
approach that integrates research of different types of
natural resources into stakeholder-driven processes of
adaptive management and innovation to improve liveli-
hoods, agroecosystem resilience, agricultural productivity
and environmental services at community, eco-regional
and global scales of intervention and impact. INRM thus
aims to help to solve complex real-world problems affect-
ing natural resources in agroecosystems.
Integrated Pest Management The procedure of integrating

and applying practical management methods to manage
insect populations so as to keep pest species from reach-
ing damaging levels while avoiding or minimizing the po-
tentially harmful effects of pest management measures on
humans, non-target species, and the environment. IPM
tends to incorporate assessment methods to guide man-
agement decisions.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Legal rights granted by
governmental authorities to control and reward certain
products of human intellectual effort and ingenuity.
Internal Rate of Return The discount rate that sets the net
present value of the stream of the net benefits equal to
zero. The internal rate of return may have multiple values
when the stream of net benefits alternates from negative
to positive more than once.
International Dollars Agricultural R&D investments in lo-
cal currency units have been converted into international
dollars by deflating the local currency amounts with
each country's inflation ration (GDP deflator) of base
year 2000. Next, they were converted to US dollars with
a 2000 purchasing power parity (PPP) index. PPPs are
synthetic exchange rates used to reflect the purchasing
power of currencies.
Knowledge The way people understand the world, the way in
which they interpret and apply meaning to their experi-
ences. Knowledge is not about the discovery of some fi-
nale objective "truth" but about the grasping of subjective
culturally-conditioned products emerging from complex
and ongoing processes involving selection, rejection, cre-
ation, development and transformation of information.
These processes, and hence knowledge, are inextricably
linked to the social, environmental and institutional con-
text within which they are found.
Scientific knowledge: Knowledge that has been legitimized
and validated by a formalized process of data gathering,
analysis and documentation.
Explicit knowledge: Information about knowledge that has
been or can be articulated, codified, and stored and ex-
changed. The most common forms of explicit knowledge
are manuals, documents, procedures, cultural artifacts
and stories. The information about explicit knowledge
also can be audiovisual. Works of art and product design
can be seen as other forms of explicit knowledge where
human skills, motives and knowledge are externalized.
Empirical knowledge: Knowledge derived from and consti-
tuted in interaction with a person's environment. Modern
communication and information technologies, and scien-
tific instrumentation, can extend the "empirical environ-
ment" in which empirical knowledge is generated.
Local knowledge: The knowledge that is constituted in a
given culture or society.
Traditional (ecological) knowledge: The cumulative body
of knowledge, practices, and beliefs evolved by adaptive
processes and handed down through generations. It may
not be indigenous or local, but it is distinguished by the
way in which it is acquired and used, through the social
process of learning and sharing knowledge.
Knowledge Management A systematic discipline of policies,
processes, and activities for the management of all pro-
cesses of knowledge generation, codification, application
and sharing of information about knowledge.