Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Report: 93

AKST Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, Effectiveness and Impact | 93

Table 2-4. Evolution of the AKST agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last 50 years.

AKST Dimension

Until the 1980s

Currently

Main AKST objectives

Increasing production and productivity.
Increasing the food supply.

Increasing production and productivity. Increasing the food supply. Ensuring food security. Conserving natural resources and providing environmental services. Alleviating poverty. Mitigating the impact of climate change and natural disasters.
Incorporating local knowledge.

Issues researched

Production aspects: genetic improvement, fertilization and soil management, pest and disease management and control, agricultural machinery, animal and plant health.

Production aspects: genetic improvement, fertilization and soil management, waste management, pest and disease management and control, agricultural machinery, animal and plant health. Biotechnology and biosafety. Postharvest treatment. Environmental services valuation. Agro-biodiversity and wildlife biodiversity conservation. Impact of production on natural resources (water, soil, biodiversity). Value added to the production chain. Socioeconomic and anthropological issues.
Environmental-, ecological-, and natural- resource economics issues.

Technological tools used

Animal and plant genetic improvement. Crop and livestock technologies. Soil management and conservation.
Water management and conservation.

Advanced animal and plant genetic improvement. Biotechnology and genetic engineering. Crop and livestock technologies. Precision farming methods. Soil management and conservation. Water management and conservation. Information and communications technology. Participatory methods. Nanotechnology.
Aquaculture.

Dimensions assessed

Agronomic.

Agronomic. Environmental and ecological. Social. Anthropological. Economic (environmental and ecological).
Cultural. Policy-related.

Main focus of AKST research

Personal consumption and food selfsufficiency.
Agro-exports of commodities and other products.

Personal consumption and food self-sufficiency. Agro-exports of commodities and other products (including fruit, garden greens, and handicrafts). Products with value added. Non-agricultural products and services.
Biofuels.

Main AKST customers

Conventional producers (in medium- to large-scale organizations).
Agro-industries.

Conventional producers. Agro-industries. Agro-ecological producers. Traditional/indigenous producers.
Women farmers.

Sectors included

The primary sector.

The primary sector. The secondary sector and other stages of productive and service chains.
The non-rural sector

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AKST Dimension	Until the 1980s	Currently
Main AKST objectives	Increasing production and productivity. Increasing the food supply.	Increasing production and productivity. Increasing the food supply. Ensuring food security. Conserving natural resources and providing environmental services. Alleviating poverty. Mitigating the impact of climate change and natural disasters. Incorporating local knowledge.
Issues researched	Production aspects: genetic improvement, fertilization and soil management, pest and disease management and control, agricultural machinery, animal and plant health.	Production aspects: genetic improvement, fertilization and soil management, waste management, pest and disease management and control, agricultural machinery, animal and plant health. Biotechnology and biosafety. Postharvest treatment. Environmental services valuation. Agro-biodiversity and wildlife biodiversity conservation. Impact of production on natural resources (water, soil, biodiversity). Value added to the production chain. Socioeconomic and anthropological issues. Environmental-, ecological-, and natural- resource economics issues.
Technological tools used	Animal and plant genetic improvement. Crop and livestock technologies. Soil management and conservation. Water management and conservation.	Advanced animal and plant genetic improvement. Biotechnology and genetic engineering. Crop and livestock technologies. Precision farming methods. Soil management and conservation. Water management and conservation. Information and communications technology. Participatory methods. Nanotechnology. Aquaculture.
Dimensions assessed	Agronomic.	Agronomic. Environmental and ecological. Social. Anthropological. Economic (environmental and ecological). Cultural. Policy-related.
Main focus of AKST research	Personal consumption and food selfsufficiency. Agro-exports of commodities and other products.	Personal consumption and food self-sufficiency. Agro-exports of commodities and other products (including fruit, garden greens, and handicrafts). Products with value added. Non-agricultural products and services. Biofuels.
Main AKST customers	Conventional producers (in medium- to large-scale organizations). Agro-industries.	Conventional producers. Agro-industries. Agro-ecological producers. Traditional/indigenous producers. Women farmers.
Sectors included	The primary sector.	The primary sector. The secondary sector and other stages of productive and service chains. The non-rural sector