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206 | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Report
These elements could be given shape through the following
The European program on climate change entered a new phase in 2005, designed to determine the new measures that must be adopted in synergy with the Lisbon strategy, relating in particular to energy efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, and carbon capture and storage (CONAM, 2006). Benefits and costs of the strategy. It is difficult to assess the costs of action. Those costs would reflect primarily the restructuring of transportation and production systems, as well as of energy use. On the other hand, those costs are bound to rise significantly if no action is taken by the other countries that are major producers of greenhouse gases. According to the commission, a less ambitious policy for combating climate change is not a sound alternative, for it would not achieve the objectives set and would imply additional costs due to climate change. If dealing with climate change is to become a priority, it must be approached in the framework of the three broad issues of sustainable development, and there must be regular monitoring of its implementation, enforcement and reporting through suitable indicators. To this end, climate change management must focus on the following four lines of action:
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Policies for dealing with climate change demand the setting of national and regional priorities for reducing its impact in a concerted manner. These could be linked to programs and projects with targets for reducing GHG omissions in Latin America and the Caribbean. If this is to happen, the environment must be part of the political agenda of governments in the region (CONAM, 2006). Governments could also reform their own organizational structures to promote the effective management of environmental issues. Those structures need to be made less bureaucratic and more participatory, they must have more concrete targets and the resources needed to meet commitments under the Climate Change Convention. Efforts are also needed to develop the technical and organizational capacities to address the problems created by GHG (CONAM, 2006). Policies could also offer incentives to various social players and producers to attack the main causes of GHG omissions, and these would need to be accompanied by an active outreach and public awareness campaign. Clean technologies are also needed to address the problems of climate change, as an alternative to the main sources of GHG emissions. In this connection, research into alternative energy sources needs to be evaluated in light of social, environmental and economic variables. 5.5 Marketing and Market Access Policies 5.5.1 Access to international and regional markets Another area that requires regulation is the growth of large-scale food distribution through supermarkets. Smallscale producers cannot compete with the oligopsonistic power of these companies to impose purchase prices, and government regulation is needed. 5.5.2 Active commercial policies for the domestic and
international markets |
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