EC (European Commission). 1999. Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionizing radiation. Available at http://www.fsai.ie/legislation/food/eu_docs/ Manufacturing_Processing_Methods/ Irradiated/Dir1999_2.pdf. Off. J. European Communities L 066, 13 March 1999.

EC (European Commission). 2000. Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle, Brussels. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/ library/pub/pub07_en.pdf.

EC (European Commission). 2001. Europeans, science and technology. Standard Eurobarometer. Available at http://europa .eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/ ebs_154_en.pdf.

EC (European Commission). 2005. Special Eurobarometer. Social values, Science and technology. Available on: http://europa.eu.int/ comm/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_ report_en.pdf

EC (European Commission). 2006. Monitoting of pesticide residues in products of plant origin in the EU, Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/fvo/ specialreports/pesticides_index_en.htm.

ECA (Economic Commission for Africa). 1992. Study on the role of the informal sector in African economies. E/ECA/PSD.7/13. 7th Session Joint Conf. African Planners, Statisticians and Demographers. Addis Ababa, 2-7 March.

Echeverria, R.G., E. Trigo, and D. Byerlee. 1996. Institutional change and effective financing of agricultural research in Latin America. Tech. Pap. 330. World Bank, Washington DC.

Edgerton, D. 2007. The shock of the old: Technology and global history since 1900. Oxford Univ. Press, UK.

Edquist, C. (ed) 1997. Systems of innovation: Technologies, institutions and organizations. Pinter, London.

EEA (European Environmental Agency). 2001. Late lessons from early warnings: The precautionary principle 1896-2000. Available at http://reports.eea.europa.eu/ environmental_issue_report_2001_22/en/ Issue_Report_No_22.pdf. EEA, Copenhagen.

Ehler, L. 2006. Integrated pest management (IPM): Definition, historical development and implementation and the other IPM. Pest Manage. Sci. 62:787-790.

Ehler, L., and D. Bottrell. 2000. The illusion of integrated pest management. Issues Sci Tech. 16(3):61-64.

Eicher, C., and J. Staatz. 1998. International agricultural development. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.

Eisemon, T.O. 1986. Foreign training and foreign assistance for university development in Kenya: Too much of a good thing? Int. J. Educ. Dev. 6:1-13.

Eisemon, T.O., and C.H. Davis. 1992.

Universities and scientific research capacity. J. Asian Afr. Studies 27:68-93.

EJF (Environmental Justice Foundation). 2002. Death in small doses: Cambodia's pesticide problems and solutions. EKF, London.

Ekboir, J.M., G. Datrénit, V. Martinez, A. Torres-Vargas, and A. Vera-Cruz. 2006. Las fundaciones produce a diez años de su creaciòn: Pensando en el futuro. ISNAR Disc. Pap. 10. IFPRI, Washington DC.

Ekesi, S. 1999. Insecticide resistance in field populations of the legume pod-borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.), Walp in Nigeria. Int. J. Pest Manage. 45(1):57-59.

Ekwamu, A., and M. Brown. 2005. Four years of NAADS implementation: Programme outcomes and impact. p. 25-39. In Proc. Mid-Term Review Nat. Agric. Advisory Serv. 31 May - 2 June 2005. Min. Agric. Anim. Industry Fish., Kampala.

Ellen, R., P. Parkes, and A. Bicker (ed) 2000. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations. Harwood Acad. Publ., Amsterdam.

Ellis, W. 2000. A new paradigm for industry. Available at http://www.croplifeasia.org/ref _library/ipm/ipmParadigm.pdf. Asia-Pacific Crop Prot. Assoc., Bangkok.

Ellis, F. and H.A. Freeman. 2006. Rural households and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries. J. Dev. Studies 40(4):1-30.

Engel, P. 1990. Knowledge management in agriculture: Building upon diversity. Special Issue on the European Seminar on Knowledge Management and Information Technology. Wageningen. November 1989. Knowledge Society 3(3)28-35.

Engel, P.G.H., and M. Salomon. 1997. Facilitating innovation for development. A RAAKS resource box/the social organization of innovation — a focus on stakeholder interaction. Royal Trop. Inst., Amsterdam.

Enkegaard, A., and H.F. Brodsgaard. 2006. Biocontrol in protected crops: Is lack of biodiversity a limiting factor? p. 91-122. In J. Eilenberg, and H. Hokkanen (ed) An ecological and societal approach to biological control. Springer, Dordrecht.

Ericksen, P.J. 2006a. Conceptualization of food systems for global environmental change (GEC) research. GECAF Working Pap. 2. ECI/OUCE, Oxford Univ., Wallingford.

Ericksen, P.J. 2006b. Assessing the vulnerability of food systems to global environmental changes. ECI/OUCE, Oxford Univ., Wallingford.

Esman, M.J., and N. Uphoff. 1984. Local organisations - Intermediaries in rural development Cornell Univ. Press, London.

ESRC. 1999. The politics of GM food: Risk, science and public trust. Available at http:// www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/documents/gecp_ the_politics_of_gm_food_briefing.pdf. Spec. Briefing 5. Econ. Social Res. Council, Global Environ. Change Prog., Lancaster Univ.

ETC. 2005. Oligopoly, Inc.: Concentration in corporate power. Communique Issues #90-91.

EU. 2002. European Union consolidated versions of the treaty on European Union and of the treaty establishing the European community. Off. J. Eur. Union, C325, 24 Dec 2002, Title XIX, article 174, para. 2 and 3.

EurepGAP. 2007. The global partnership for safe and sustainable agriculture. Good agricultural practice standard. 3rd Vers. Berlin. Available at http://www.eurepgap.org/documents/ infoletter/Press-conference_080207-KM2.pdf.

Evans, J. 1981. Report on extension-oriented research with women in Phalombe. Farming Systems Analysis Sec., Dep. Agric. Res., Min. Agriculture, Malawi.

Eveleens, K. 2004. The history of IPM in Asia. FAO, Rome.

Evenson, R.E. 1986. The economics of extension, p. 65-90. In G.E. Jones (ed) Investing in rural extension. Elsevier, London.

Evenson, R.E., and D. Gollin. 2003a. Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution 1960 to 2000. Science 300:758-762.

Evenson, R. E. and D. Gollin (ed) 2003b. Crop variety improvement and its effects on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research. CABI, Wallingford.

Evenson, R.E., P.E. Waggoner, and V.W. Ruttan. 1979. Economic benefits from research: An example from agriculture. Science 205:1101-1107.

EVIRA (Finnish Food Safety Authority). 2006. Number of food poisoning epidemics still on increase in 2005. Available http:// www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/current_issues/ archive/?id=318.

Ewen, S.W.B., and A. Pusztai. 1999. Health risks of genetically modified foods. Lancet 354:684.

Fabra, A. 2002. The intersection of human rights and environmental issues: A review of institutional developments at the international level. Background Pap. 3; Expert Seminar on Human Rights and the Environment, Geneva, 14-16 Jan. Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/environment/bp3 .html.

Fairhead, J., and M. Leach. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape. Society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.

Falcon, W., and R. Naylor. 2005. Rethinking food security for the 21st century. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 87:113-1127.

Falcon, W.P., and C. Fowler. 2002. Carving up the commons: emergence of a new international regime for germplasm development and transfer. Food Policy 27:197-222.

Fan, S., P. Hazell, and S. Thorat. 1998. Government spending, growth and poverty: an Analysis of interlinkages in rural India. EPTD Disc. Pap. 33. Available at http://www .ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp33.pdf. IFPRI, Washington DC.