provides an opportunity to intensify by using crop residues and manure. Industrial production is capital and labor in­tensive, detached from land for feed supply and waste dis­posal (Steinfeld, 1998).
     Industrial production systems are increasingly impor­tant, particularly for pigs and poultry. Livestock produc­tion systems vary from country to country. Sri Lanka has small-scale dairy and poultry producers, with buffalo as the main source of draft power. Nepal also uses buffaloes and bullocks for draft power and ghee production. Sheep and goats are mainly kept for wool and meat. In Southeast Asia swine and poultry dominate livestock production. In Thai­land, more than three-quarters of pigs are produced on large industrial farms with more than 500 animals. In Guandong, China, on the other hand, half the pigs are produced on farms with fewer than 100 animals and in Viet Nam, very small operations of three or four pigs dominate.
     The growth in the production and demand for poultry and pork has resulted in a growing shift away from pasture systems. As livestock production becomes more intensified, there has been a shift from locally available feed to com­mercial feed concentrates, particularly in pig and poultry production (Steinfeld et al., 2006).
     Only three countries in ESAP—Japan, Mongolia and Singapore—have not increased meat production over the last 20 years. Countries registering more than a 100% in­crease in production are Brunei, Cambodia, China, Fiji, In­dia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam. China's share of meat production in the world total increased from about 10 to over 28% in the last 20 years (FAO, 2006a)

2.2.4.2   Changes in dietary patterns on livestock production
Though livestock food products are still not a significant part of the diet in developing Asia and the Pacific, consump­tion is growing rapidly. Developing Asian countries have the world's highest growth rates of production and con­sumption of food from livestock (FAO, 2006a). The growth in livestock production across ESAP comes from changes in demand and new technology, which have enabled produc­ers to move into more intensive industrial production, thus greatly increasing the supply of pork and poultry meat.
     Poultry consumption has  shown the  fastest growth throughout ESAP. China stood out for its impressive growth in beef consumption, which increased by more than 500% between 1985 and 1995. Growth patterns in South Asia have been more balanced, with poultry showing significant increase in consumption but consumption of other meat products—beef, mutton and goat—increasing only mod­estly (Steinfield, 1998).
     Pork was the most-produced meat. In 1961, it was 30% of total meat production. Beef and veal were next in im­portance, followed by mutton and lamb. Pork became even more dominant by 2000, when it was over 55% of the meat produced. Poultry meat took second place, beef and veal were third.
     Dramatic changes occurred in Asia: protein from live­stock in human diets increased more than 130% between 1980 and 2002. The increase in animal products in the human diet was part of a dietary transition that also in-

cluded higher intake of fat, fish, vegetables and fruits, and a decrease in cereals and tubers (Steinfeld et al., 2006). This transition was directly related to growing urbanization and increasing standards of living throughout ESAP and many of the developing regions of the world. Urbanization, coupled with income growth and increasing globalization, generated a major shift in Asian diets away from staples and toward livestock and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and fats and oils.
     The dynamic Asian livestock sector is growing between 3.5 and 5% each year—more rapidly than crops, such as cereals, vegetables and pulses—driven partly by increasing population, rising income and change in consumer lifestyles. Since animal products are expensive to import, most coun­tries plan to meet the rising demand through increased do­mestic production. Hence, livestock growers in periurban areas are increasing production and modifying management to respond to the rapid rise in demand. Structural changes are also led by the growth in urban supermarket vendors, intensifying the need to examine opportunities for vertically integrating vulnerable producers. Small-scale producers are not generally a part of the rapid rise in intensive animal production. Yet more than half of the small-scale farmers in Asia rely on livestock as a major source of income and nutrition (FAO, 2006a).
      Although most ESAP countries are technically capable of increasing meat, milk and egg production, most face shortages of key feed ingredients, particularly maize and soybean meal. As a result, there is a large and burgeoning trade in feed crops worldwide.

2.2.5     Application of AKST to forest production
Although ESAP contains only about 5% of the world's forests, it had an estimated 25% forest loss over the last decade. The proportional loss (the amount lost relative to the remaining forest) was greatest in Asia (UNFPA, 2001). The cumulative loss of forest cover across Asia and the Pa­cific between 1990 and 2000 was estimated at about 1.1% (FAO, 2006a). The Philippines had the highest rate of de­forestation, followed by Pakistan, Thailand and Malaysia. However, the largest losses occurred in Indonesia and Myan-mar (Waggener, 2001). Between 1990 and 2000 the region experienced considerable reduction in forest cover, with the greatest decline in the Southeast Asian islands, followed by continental Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Popula­tion pressure and the resultant conversion of land to agri­culture was the dominant cause of deforestation across the region. While in percentage the most forest lost was in the smaller Pacific Islands, the forests of insular and mainland Southeast Asia had the greatest population pressure (Brown and Durst, 2003). Because tropical forests contained about half the remaining biodiversity in the world, their destruc­tion was of particular concern (UNFPA, 2001).

2.2.5.1   Native forest management
Native forests cover about 25% of the area across Asia and the Pacific. The Pacific Islands, with 65% forest cover, and the Southeast Asian islands with 53% cover, have the high­est proportion of land-user forest. Papua New Guinea has the largest rainforest coverage in the Pacific, accounting for the third largest block of tropical rainforest in the world